Insight
Could this Novartis initiative finally cure sickle cell disease?
Novartis and the Gates Foundation have entered a collaboration to try and develop a one-time gene therapy to cure sickle cell disease. Natalie Healey speaks to Novartis about the legacy of sickle cell and the development of this potentially ground-breaking treatment.
If you want to better understand how our genes can predispose us to disease, look to sickle cell disorder (SCD). It’s one of the oldest known and most common genetic disorders and affects millions of people around the world. It is particularly common in people with an African or Caribbean family background.
Approximately 300,000 individuals are born every year with the condition that arises due to a mutated gene on chromosome 11. This slice of DNA encodes the red blood cell protein haemoglobin, which binds to oxygen from the lungs to deliver it to the rest of the body.
Normally haemoglobin makes red blood cells smooth and round, a shape that allows them to glide through blood vessels with ease. But people with SCD have blood cells that assume a sickle shape, which makes it much harder for them to travel around the body to deliver oxygen.
This not only leads to anaemia but can also cause acute episodes of pain (often called ‘pain crises’) and sometimes life-threatening complications such as organ problems and infections. People with the condition are frequently hospitalised. And unsurprisingly, the disease can also have a profound effect on a patient’s emotional health.
While researchers have known about the genetic cause of SCD for decades, only recently have scientists developed tools that could potentially fix the genetic error that causes the disease.
Experimental therapies involve extracting cells from a patient, altering them in the laboratory and reintroducing them to the patient in a procedure that’s similar to a bone marrow transparent.
If validated in clinical trials, this type of treatment could be a game-changer for people living with SCD. But patients in low-and-middle-income countries might not be able to access this form of therapy as it will require robust hospital infrastructure, which is not available in many regions where SCD is particularly prevalent
One-time treatment
In February, pharmaceutical giant Novartis announced that it has entered into a three-year $7.28 million grant agreement with the Gates Foundation to discover and develop a gene therapy for SCD which can be used in lower-income countries.
“Existing gene therapy approaches to sickle cell disease are difficult to deliver at scale and there are obstacles to reaching the vast majority of those affected by the debilitating disease,” said Jay Bradner, a haematologist and president of the Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR) in a statement.
“This is a challenge that calls for collective action, and we are thrilled to have the support of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation in addressing this global unmet medical need.”
Novartis says it wants to develop an in vivo gene therapy for SCD that would only need to be administered once, directly to the patient, without needing to modify the cells in a laboratory first.
Existing gene therapy approaches to sickle cell disease are difficult to deliver at scale.
If successful, it would mean that someone with SCD wouldn’t have to endure long or repeated hospital stays. And developing countries wouldn’t need specialised lab infrastructure to offer the treatment.
The pharmaceutical company has been researching sickle cell disease and working towards treating the condition for over 40 years. In October 2020, the European Commission approved its drug Adakveo (crizanlizumab) for pain crises in patients with SCD. It is the first targeted sickle cell disease therapy for the reduction and prevention of this SCD complication.
The antibody therapy works by binding to P-selectin, a cell adhesion protein that plays a crucial role in vaso-occlusion - a hallmark symptom of SCD that occurs when platelets and white blood cells get stuck together. This causes immense pain.
“Clinical data showed that use of Adakveo led to a significant reduction in the rate of pain crises and to fewer days spent in hospital,” explains a Novartis spokesperson. “Pain crises disrupt patients’ lives physically, socially and emotionally – and can increase risk of organ damage and early death.”
Cut and paste genetics
At the moment, the only approved therapies for SCD like Adakveo target the symptoms of SCD rather than the cause. But experts hope that genetic therapies, if approved and validated, could cure the disease for good.
Novartis says that it has developed a potential SCD treatment based on Intellia Therapeutics’ gene-editing CRISPR technology – first discovered by Jennifer Doudna at the University of California, Berkeley, who was awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. The pharmaceutical company has confirmed its genome-editing SCD candidate is in early-stage clinical trials.
SCD is a promising application for gene-editing technology as it arises from a single genetic mutation. CRISPR essentially works by cutting out the faulty gene and replacing it with the correct one. Many experts are hopeful the technique could have applications in treating numerous diseases such as cystic fibrosis, cancer and HIV.
Novartis had already established several public-private partnerships aimed at improving the lives of people with the condition in sub-Saharan Africa.
Gene therapies might help end the threat of diseases like sickle cell.
“Specifically, we are focused on developing a comprehensive approach to screening and diagnosis, treatment and disease management, training and education and elevating basic and clinical research capabilities,” said the company spokesperson. “These efforts are intended to help prepare healthcare systems for future innovations in the treatment of sickle cell disease.”
The Gates Foundation has a long history of supporting innovative treatments to sub-Saharan Africa. Novartis says it plans to leverage this expertise during the early stages of the single-use SCD genetic therapy project. This will ensure access and distribution for lower-income countries is mapped out at the very start of the drug development process.
“Gene therapies might help end the threat of diseases like sickle cell, but only if we can make them far more affordable and practical for low-resource settings,” said Trevor Mundel, president of global health at the Gates Foundation in a statement.
“What’s exciting about this project is that it brings ambitious science to bear on that challenge. It’s about treating the needs of people in lower-income countries as a driver of scientific and medical progress, not an afterthought.”
Preparing for the challenge ahead
To a large extent then, preparing for vaccine distribution will mean learning from what’s been achieved so far.
“I think some of it has to do with modelling – you can do a lot of simulation around production and distribution logistics,” says Boyle. “You can plan some ‘what if’ scenarios, at least identifying where the weaknesses are in the system and what kind of stressors would bring down parts of it. Then when you start to see the stressor, you already know it’ll cause a breakdown in the system and you already have a contingency plan.”
In practice, this might mean implementing a regional strategy with some redundancy in the supply chain, giving back-up if a certain country ends up in lockdown.
Delivering billions of doses of vaccine to the entire world efficiently will involve hugely complex logistical and programmatic obstacles.
“Everybody wants to operate at minimum inventory levels and maximum cost efficiency levels, but we’re asking now ‘where does lean become too lean?’” says Boyle. “The risk profile of that position has changed and people are going to be re-examining some of their goals. It’s about ensuring resilience of the supply chain and working out what level of risk you’re willing to take.”
With the first vaccines in sight, it is time for logistics providers, governments, airlines, and many more to begin their preparations in earnest. As the speakers emphasised at the IATA teleconference, this is an enormous undertaking that requires careful planning from every stakeholder.
“Delivering billions of doses of vaccine to the entire world efficiently will involve hugely complex logistical and programmatic obstacles all the way along the supply chain,” said Dr Seth Berkley, CEO of Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance. “We look forward to working together with government, vaccine manufacturers and logistical partners to ensure an efficient global roll-out of a safe and affordable Covid-19 vaccine.”
