Lykos’s MDMA candidate was the closest to FDA approval, but by no means was it the only one. Companies like Emyria, AWAKN, and Transcend also have candidates in Phase II trials.
Dr. Ryan Henner, psychiatrist at Harvard Medical School, said the issues faced by Lykos may not be unique to the company because “people who are involved in this space are passionate about trying to bring these therapies to market.” He cited issues with Lykos’s trial approach, including “implicit, and perhaps explicit, discouragement of reporting side effects from the participants, a sense of advocacy for the treatment on the part of the company”.
According to Henner, much of psychedelic medicines’ success lies in culture; “If we end up in a cultural-political climate that highly values dogma and control, psychedelic treatment will not be allowed to exist broadly. It just changes people’s minds too much. You can’t control it. If we remain in a relatively free society, I think that we’re more likely to see that sort of treatment.”
In such a backdrop, the FDA rejection may not have been fully unexpected, since some challenges, like with data blinding, are well understood in the field.
“There are other places in medicine where blinding is not possible,” says Brian Pilecki, PhD, a psychiatrist with the Portland Psychotherapy Clinic, Portland, Oregon. But this may not be a critical factor blocking the approval of psychedelics, since creative approaches like replacing inert placebos with amphetamines to elicit similar experiential changes to MDMA can be employed, according to Pilecki.
An important difference between MDMA and other psychedelics is that the former is administered within a broader course of psychiatric therapy, says Dr. Eric Vermetten, clinical psychiatrist at Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands. According to him, MDMA acts as a catalyst, inducing a mental state more receptive to traditional therapy. This was the role the drug served in the Lykos trials, which incorporated MDMA into a recognisable, therapist-led course.
However, this was a key issue raised by the FDA committee. The involvement of therapists throughout treatment in conjunction with MDMA dosing left concerns that functional unblinding of patients might also affect therapists who knew which of their patients received treatment. Any differences in the way therapists might have treated patients in either study arm would cast further uncertainty on the trial’s results.
Despite these challenges, there is stout confidence in psychedelics among researchers. When asked about the prospects of these drugs, given the news from Lykos, Vermetten was resolutely optimistic. “I think the transformative capacity that psychedelics have for viewing yourself and how you relate to the world is incomparable with other medicines.”